Networking
Part of the Blue Primer series, learn the basics of networking.
Kinda like a street address, just cooler.
In a manner similar to streets and homes, computers and their respective communication networks must have a way to address their 'mail'. In the following set of questions, we'll investigate the various types of IPv4 addresses. Here's a reference guide for that various types of IP addresses: Networking primer series Binary to decimal TryHackMe
IP Address Classes
Private Address Space
#1 How many categories of IPv4 addresses are there?
Ans :- 5
#2 Which type is for research? *Looking for a letter rather than a number here
Ans :- E
#3 How many private address ranges are there?
Ans :- 3
#4 Which private range is typically used by businesses?
Ans :- A
#5 There are two common default private ranges for home routers, what is the first one?
Ans :-
#6 How about the second common private home range?
Ans :- 192.168.0.0
#7 How many addresses make up a typical class C range? Specifically a /24
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
There’re twenty-four “1”.
There’re eight “0”. → 2⁸ = 256
Ans :- 256
#8 Of these addresses two are reserved, what is the first addresses typically reserved as?
Ans :-
#9 The very last address in a range is typically reserved as what address type?
Ans :-
#10 A third predominant address type is typically reserved for the router, what is the name of this address type?
Ans :-
#11 Which address is reserved for testing on individual computers?
Ans :- 127.0.01
#12 A particularly unique address is reserved for unroutable packets, what is that address? This can also refer to all IPv4 addresses on the local machine.
Ans :- 0.0.0.0
Binary to Decimal
Binary conversion is essential to understand in order to properly manage computer networks. An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits split up into four sections of eight bits. For example, the address 192.168.1.12 translates to this:
11000000 10101000 00000001 00001100
When considering individual bit values, we can break down each octet further. For example, let's break down the second octet valuing 168:
This table provided above is useful to recreate when solving for decimal values. A blank variant has been provided below for copying:
Convert the following binary values into decimal. I suggest doing this by hand with a sheet of paper as it's essential to practice and retain properly. These have been split into two sections of four for readability, however, treat them as octets when solving for decimal values.
#1 1001 0010
Calculation method
For an example:
1001 0010 (in binary) = 1*2⁷ + 0*2⁶ + 0*2⁵ + 1*2⁴ + 0*2³ + 0*2² + 1*2¹ + 0*2⁰ = 146 (in decimal)
Ans :-
#2 0111 0111
Ans :-
#3 1111 1111
Ans :-
#4 1100 0101
Ans :-
#5 1111 0110
Ans :-
#6 0001 0011
Ans :-
#7 1000 0001
Ans :-
#8 0011 0001
Ans :-
#9 0111 1000
Ans :-
#10 1111 0000
Ans :-
#11 0011 1011
Ans :-
#12 0000 0111
Ans :-
CalCulation Method :
When you work at routing, you will find yourself converting decimal to binary and the opposite, specially for the masks of the IP address, here I will show you how to do it easily using your command line terminal.
Need to convert a base 10 integer in a base 2 one? Or, at any rate, convert a number from one numeration system to another? In Ubuntu, the bc utility already integrates these features. It is usually already installed, so you don’t have to anything special.
First you need to install 'bc'
sudo apt-get install bc
now, we will convert a Binary to Decimal :
echo "$((2#10010010))"
echo "$((2#00000111))"
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Decimal to Hexadecimal
echo 'obase=16;10'| bc
A
Or
wcalc -h 10
-------
Decimal to Octal
echo 'obase=8;10' | bc
12
Or
wcalc -o 10
-------
Decimal to Binary
echo 'obase=2;10' | bc
1010
Or
wcalc -b 10
-------
From Hexadecimal to decimal
echo 'ibase=16;A' | bc
10
-------
From Octal to Decimal
echo 'ibase=8;12 | bc
10
-------
From Binary to Decimal
echo 'ibase=2;1010 | bc</>
10
Note: Be sure to have bc or wcalc installed on your system
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Below diagram explains how to convert ( 1010 ) to equivalent decimal value:
Decimal to Binary
Using the table provided within the previous task convert the following values to binary. For the sake of preserving the full octet, pad the front of each answer with the appropriate amount of zeros.
#1 238
Ans :-
#2 34
Ans :-
#3 123
Ans :-
#4 50
Ans :-
#5 255
Ans :-
#6 200
Ans :-
#7 10
Ans :-
#8 138
Ans :-
#9 1
Ans :-
#10
13
#11 250
Ans :-
#12 114
Ans :-
Copy Methods :
For an example:
238 (in decimal)
Start with
238 / 2 = 119 *2 + 0
Repeat dividing step until you can’t
Fraction in the circle is the answer
Answer
Command Method :
Decimal to Binary
echo 'obase=2;10' | bc
echo 'obase=2;138' | bc
Programming Language Method (in python) :
# Python program to convert decimal to binary
# Function to convert Decimal number
# to Binary number
def decimalToBinary(n):
return bin(n).replace("0b", "")
# Driver code
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(decimalToBinary(8))
print(decimalToBinary(18))
print(decimalToBinary(7))
Address Class Identification
Using the table provided in the first task, identify which class each of the following addresses belongs to. ( Task 1*)
#1 10.240.1.1
Ans :- A
#2 150.10.15.0
Ans :- B
#3 192.14.2.0
Ans :- C
#4 148.17.9.1
Ans :- B
#5 193.42.1.1
Ans :- C
#6 126.8.156.0
Ans :-
#7 220.200.23.1
Ans :-
#8 230.230.45.58
Ans :-
#9 177.100.18.4
Ans :-
#10 119.18.45.0
Ans :-
#11 117.89.56.45
Ans :-
#12 215.45.45.0
Ans :-
Video Tutorial :- Updated....
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